Le Corbusier (né Charles-Édouard Jeanneret) was born in Switzerland, although he studied and worked primarily in France. In 1905, when still in his teens, Le Corbusier was commissioned by one of the trustees at the school where he studied—La Chaux-deFonds—to design the Villa Fallet. Charles l’Eplattenier, a painter and mentor to the young Le Corbusier, arranged for him to be helped by a local architect, René Chappalaz. The house was constructed of freestone, rendered and decorated with stylized fir-cone patterns, with the steep roofs and all-round balcony traditional in the region.

In 1907 the fee for this commission enabled Jeanneret, in the company of fellow student Léon Perrin, to travel to Italy, where they visited 16 major northern Italian cities, including Siena, Florence, and Venice. In Tuscany, Jeanneret visited the Carthusian monastery of Ema, an experience that had a profound effect on him. In late 1907, still in the company of Perrin, he visited Budapest and then Vienna, where he met Josef Hoffmann and other members of the Wiener Werkstätte. Two more houses for La Chauxde-Fonds were commissioned: the Jaquemet and Stotzer houses. He worked on their design during a stay in Vienna of four and a half months in 1908, again receiving help from Chappalaz. Both these houses are of wood and stone, in the regional style.

Later in that year Jeanneret went to Paris, where he approached Franz Jourdain, Henri Sauvage, Eugène Grasset, and finally Auguste Perret, for whom he worked for 16 months. Another formative influence was that of Tony Garnier, whom he met in Lyons.

Jeanneret returned to La Chaux-de-Fonds in 1909 and joined a group of his former associates who styled themselves Ateliers d’Art Réunis. The following year he was given a grant from the School of Art, on the initiative of L’Eplattenier, to study and to report on the decorative-arts movement in Germany. He attended the Deutsche Werkbund Congress in Berlin and acquired a new perspective on the relationship between art and modern industrial production, which took him even further from his earlier Arts and Crafts years. Deeply impressed by Peter Behrens’s AEG Turbine Factory, he worked for five months in his studio, alongside Walter Gropius and Mies van der Rohe, although he does not appear to have formed close friendships and eventually fell out with Behrens.

In the spring of 1911, Jeanneret left Germany and set off on another major formative journey that lasted six months: the “voyage d’orient.” Traveling with his friend Auguste Klipstein, he visited Czechoslovakia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Greece, and Italy, which this time included Pompeii and Rome. He returned to La Chaux-de-Fonds in November to teach and to help form a new design section at the Art School.

The next commission was for a house for his parents in 1912, a medium-size villa close to the Maisons Fallet, Stotzer, and Jacquemet, with a studio and a music room. Essentially classical in form, with white cubic and cylindrical forms under a pyramidal roof, it has strong echoes of the houses by Behrens at Hohenhagen that Jeanneret had visited, in particular the Haus Schroeder. The Villa Favre-Jacot at Le Locle (1912) also resembles Behrens’s Hohenhagen houses, and the Jura regionalism of the earlier houses has been wholly abandoned. Aligned along a terrace on a steep hillside and approached from the side, the striking feature of the composition of this house is the circular court greeting the visitor, the diameter of which was the turning circle of M.Favre-Jacot’s car. This courtyard is embraced by concave single-story wings from the body of the house and counterpointed by the convex entrance porch, which leads inside to a cylindrical twostory vestibule with a double staircase wrapped around it. The sequence of movement outside and inside the house is an early expression of one of the most characteristic elements of the architect’s future buildings: an architectural processional way.

In 1914 Jeanneret visited the Deutsche Werkbund Exhibition in Cologne, the buildings of which vividly demonstrated the properties of industrial materials such as concrete, glass, brick, and steel.

At the outbreak of war, which he did not expect to last long, Jeanneret thought that the first priority would be for rapidly constructed houses in the devastated areas. With the help of an engineer, Max du Bois, who ran a reinforced-concrete building firm, he planned the Dom-ino housing type. Based on a standardized concrete skeleton unit consisting of three rectangular horizontal slabs supported on six slender stanchions placed well back from their edges, there were no capitals or beams or transitional brackets between the vertical pillars and the horizontal planes; the slabs were quite flat underneath. The three slabs were to be of pot tiles with steel reinforcement and connected by two dogleg staircases cast as part of the whole. The exterior skin of windows and walls could be of any configuration, and the interior partitions might be placed in an infinite variety of ways. This design formed the nucleus of his later architectural language.

The Villa Schwob (1916), however, in the rue de Doubs, was a major turning point, the first building that the architect (the later Le Corbusier) considered to be representative of his oeuvre. From the beginning he conceived the building in terms of a reinforcedconcrete frame with brick in-filling walls. The site slopes steeply away to the south. Aligned alongside the road, the facade rises straight from the sidewalk. It is a three-story house flanked by a high wall extending along the street on either side of the entrance; the single-story kitchen wing, attached to the house, is hidden behind this wall. Behind the rectangular volume containing the hall and staircase, on the north (or road) side, the basic form of the house is roughly a cube, but with the addition of two apsidal-ended projections to the east and west. Inside, the plan is splendidly open, with a two-story-high central living room, from which the dining room and drawing room open on either side, terminating in bay windows, and another window, the full height of this space, opens onto the garden and extended views over the landscape. To the left and right of this window, the space is open on one side into the library and on the other to a study. The style is fundamentally one of unadorned classicism, but the house is so subtle and complex that references in its design have been convincingly identified with buildings as diverse as Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Michelangelo’s St. Peter’s, and villas by Palladio as well as contemporary works by Hoffmann and Frank Lloyd Wright. It was the first house in La Chaux-de-Fonds to have a flat roof.

In the winter of 1916–17, Jeanneret moved to Paris. Max du Bois helped him to find work as a consultant to the Société d’Applications du Béton Armé. Soon he met the painter Amédée Ozenfant. Jeanneret began painting seriously in 1918 and, with Ozenfant, held an exhibition at the Galerie Thomas. They called themselves “purists” and published their manifesto Après le Cubisme in the catalog.

Active in a number of unsuccessful business enterprises associated with building construction, in 1920 Jeanneret, Ozenfant, and Paul Dermée launched the magazine L’Esprit Nouveau , which ran for 28 issues until 1925. He began at this time to use the name Le Corbusier. In 1922 his first Paris house, the Villa Besnus, was begun, and he set up a studio in partnership with his cousin Pierre Jeanneret. This was the year he met Yvonne Gallis, a fashion model, later to be his wife.

The Villa Besnus at Vaucresson was a flat-roofed oblong house with white-painted smooth cement wall surfaces; the facade was asymmetrical, with horizontal and vertical strips of windows; a porch with a balcony above and an oriel window project from the flat rectangular plane. There are no moldings or classical details, and the formal language is derived from Cubism.

Le Corbusier’s second Paris commission was a studio house for Amédée Ozenfant, completed in 1924. This cubic building—smooth, white, and with huge metal-framed windows—had sawtooth factory-style windows as part of its roof, and throughout, the aesthetic is one of modern industrial engineering. In brilliant counterpoint to the rectangular forms is the white-walled exterior spiral staircase leading to the entrance.

In 1923 Le Corbusier published Vers Une Architecture, based on the articles he had published in L’Esprit Nouveau. It rapidly became one of the most influential and widely read architectural writings of the 20th century, with its resonant aphorisms and persuasive rhetoric supported by powerfully evocative photographs and drawings.

In 1924 the industrialist Henri Frugès, after reading Le Corbusier’s book, commissioned an estate of houses at Pessac near Bordeaux. It was intended to provide affordable housing for the Frugès employees and others, as a new garden suburb, but of the 150 or so dwellings planned, only 51 were built. They were of four types: a row of houses linked by arcades, detached houses, “gratte-ciel” double houses, and houses grouped in blocks of six. All were constructed of reinforced-concrete frames with nonload-bearing walls, continuous ribbon windows, roof gardens, and terraces. The houses were painted green, red, blue, yellow, and maroon on different sides when finished in 1926. The provision of light and ventilation, terrace space and kitchen, and bathroom and storage facilities was ahead of its time, but difficulties of construction created severe financial problems, and the houses were very much modified by later owners. Today they are being restored.

At the 1925 Exposition des Arts Décoratifs in Paris, Le Corbusier exhibited the Pavilion de l’Esprit Nouveau, a freestanding villa. The double-height living room had a gallery at the back, providing kitchen, bathroom, and bedrooms half the height in the divided space. A prototype from the Immeubles-Villas project of 1922, this interior arrangement was to remain a favorite theme of the architect. A covered double-height terrace was to one side, a young tree on the site penetrating through a circular opening in its roof. Adjacent curved dioramas exhibited the model of the Ville Contemporaine (1922) and the Plan Voisin. The Plan Voisin was a project to apply the Ville Contemporaine to the center of Paris and to flatten a vast area just north of the Ile de la Cité. Eighteen glass skyscrapers and lower housing complexes would be laid out in a gridiron plan. This scheme provoked much hostility at the time and has always been difficult to evaluate by later critics.

A twin house, La Roche/Jeanneret (1923–25), was for the Swiss art collector Raoul La Roche, a bachelor who invested in L’Espri t Nouveau, and for Le Corbusier’s newly married brother Albert. The two white-painted dwellings blend together as a single composition from the outside. At right angles to them, across the end of the Square du Docteur Blanche (a narrow cul-de-sac in the 16th district), La Roche’s studio gallery is a raised, curved, second-floor form, apparently supported on a single slender pillar. The interior of this house is celebrated for the complexity and drama of its shapes and spaces, with its threestory-high entrance hall and the long, curving ramp in the gallery. At the back the reinforced-concrete construction demonstrates its versatility by allowing for an old tree growing at an angle from a neighboring garden to be accommodated by modeling a concave inverted funnel shape into the composition of the building.

Another house in Paris was the Maison Cook (1925–27) at Boulogne-sur-Seine, a cubic building sandwiched between other houses. It unequivocally expressed Le Corbusier’s “Five Points of a New Architecture”: the pilotis, which lifted the building into space; the plan libre, whereby interior walls could be arranged at will; the façade libre, an exterior cladding free from load-bearing constraints; the fenêtre en longueur, or horizontal band of windows; and the toit-jardin, the flat roof that could be used as a terrace garden. The Maison Planeix (1924–28) has, by contrast, a formal and symmetrical facade, as does the Villa Church (1928) at Ville d’Avray. Two houses for the Weissenhofsiedlung in Stuttgart (1926–27), built at the invitation of Mies van der Rohe and sponsored by the Werkbund, also demonstrate the Five Points.

The double house Villa Stein/de Monzie (1926–28) at Garches, Les Terrasses, was Le Corbusier’s most ambitious work yet and was soon recognized as one of his masterpieces. This palatial and luxurious villa is very complex spatially, inside and out, with the spectacular orchestration of solid and void climaxing in a series of terraces descending to the garden in an elegant promenade architectural. Le Corbusier once mentioned his desire to recreate “the spirit of Palladio,” and it has been shown that the plan, despite its astounding fluidity, very precisely follows the grid of Palladio’s Villa Malcontenta (1550–60).

The villa Les Terrasses was followed by another, if anything more remarkable for its beauty and originality: the Villa Savoie (1928–30) at Poissy.

A bitter disappointment for Le Corbusier was his entry for the competition launched in 1926 for the League of Nations Headquarters in Geneva. Although it excited much favorable interest, his entry was disqualified and finally excluded. He was successful, however, with his submission to the Soviet Central Union of Consumer Cooperatives (Centrosoyuz) of designs for their Moscow headquarters, having been invited in 1928 to participate in a limited competition. Some aspects of this project, a gigantic office building to accommodate some 3500 employees, echo the League of Nations design. It was not completed until 1936.

Le Corbusier was a founder/member of Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM) in 1928 and collaborated with Charlotte Perriand on the design of a range of tubular steel furniture that continues in to be in production today. The first volume of his Oeuvre complète was published in 1929 by Boesiger; Le Corbusier married Yvonne Gallis and took French nationality the following year. Between 1929 and 1933, Le Corbusier designed and realized the Cité de Refuge in Paris for the Salvation Army. This building suffered from grave defects of ventilation, and Le Corbusier was made to insert opening windows in 1935; he restored the bombdamaged facade in 1948–52, adding a concrete brise-soleil. A design for the Palace of the Soviets (1931–32) was rejected in favor of a Russian competition entry in the Renaissance style.

Over the same period, Le Corbusier was much more successful with the Swiss Pavilion at the Cité Universitaire (1931–33), a building that had widespread influence internationally, with its clear separation of parts. A single-story foyer and communal area of irregular plan (one wall of which is constructed of rough stone) passes underneath the long rectangular block of dormitories for 51 students, raised on thick pilotis, which show the marks of the wooden shuttering into which the concrete was poured. To one side the curved staircase tower is again a separate entity. The whole building unites and contrasts curved and straight forms, materials, and surfaces.

In 1936 Le Corbusier worked with Oscar Niemeyer and Lúcio Costa on the Ministry of Education and Public Health building in Rio de Janeiro. His major preoccupation with urban planning during the period 1931–42 was with plans for the city of Algiers, which finally came to nothing.

During World War II, under the Vichy government of France, Le Corbusier at first sought to work for the authorities but was eventually obliged to retreat to Ozon in the Pyrenees, devoting 1942–44 to painting and writing and beginning to devise the system of proportion he called “The Modulor.” His cousin Jean, who joined the Resistance, would not work with him for a number of years after the war because of his attempts to collaborate.

Soon after the liberation, he was asked by Raoul Dautry, minister of reconstruction, to design prototypes for mass housing. The result was the Unite d’Habitation at Marseilles (1947–52), another key building of its time. Béton brut—rough, boardmarked concrete—was used for an 18-story block of flats incorporating many services. The concept was inspired by the ideal of the oceangoing liner and the Phalanstery schemes for communal living advocated by Charles Fourier in the 19th century. Other versions of the Unité were built at Nantes-Rezé (1952–53), Briey-en-Forêt (1957–61), Firminy-Vert (1965–68), and Berlin (1957–58).

In 1950 the English architects Edwin Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew proposed to the Indian authorities that Le Corbusier be invited to work on Chandigarh, a new capital city for the Punjab. Together with Pierre Jeanneret, he collaborated with these archi tects to design this vast project, concentrating mainly on the huge and spectacular official buildings of the Capitol complex. Other major commissions in India followed throughout the 1950s, notably in Ahmedabad. At the same period, two religious buildings of his in France, the Chapel of Notre-Dame-du-Haut (1950–55) at Ronchamp and the monastery of Sainte-Marie de la Tourette (1953–59), were immediately acclaimed.

This fertile period also included the Maisons Jaoul (1956) in Paris, the Brazilian Pavilion (1959) with Lúcio Costa to house Brazilian students at the Cité Universitaire in Paris, and Le Corbusier’s only American building, the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts (Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1961–63) with Josep Lluís Sert.

Le Corbusier received the Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1953 and that of the American Institute of Architects in 1961. Throughout his life he was inspired by the polarities of the architecture of Mediterranean civilization stretching back to antiquity and the potential of the most modern technology of his day.

ALAN WINDSOR

Sennott R.S. Encyclopedia of twentieth century architecture, Vol.1 (A-F).  Fitzroy Dearborn., 2004.

6 October 1887 Born Charles-Édouard Jeanneret in La Chauxde-Fonds, Switzerland; father was a watch and clock dial painter; mother, née Perret, was a musician;

1900
- Enrolls in the School of Applied Arts, La Chaux-de-Fonds, to study engraving and chasing. His interest is sparked by his master, the painter l'Eplattenier.

1902
- Receives a medal at the Exposition Internationale d'Art Décoratif in Turin for an engraved watch.

1904
- Starts teaching at l'Eplattenier's newly established 'Cours supérieurs de décoration.'

1905
- Undertakes his first architectural commission, the Fallet house in La Chaux-de-Fonds.

1907
- Embarks on his first extensive journey, visiting northern Italy, Tuscany, and working in Josef Hoffmann's studio in Vienna.

1908
- Makes his first visit to Paris, meeting notable figures like Frantz Jourdain, Eugène Grasset, and Henri Sauvage. Works with Auguste Perret, gaining insights into reinforced-concrete construction.

1909
- Returns to La Chaux-de-Fonds, contributing to the initiation of the 'Ateliers d'art réunis.'

1910
- Sent to Germany to establish a link with the German Werkbund. Works in Berlin for Peter Behrens, meeting influential figures like Walter Gropius and Mies van der Rohe.

1911
- Embarks on a seven-month journey through central Europe and the Balkans. Begins teaching in l'Eplattenier's 'Nouvelle section de l'Ecole d'Art.'

1912
- Travels to Zurich and Paris, hearing Berlage lecture on Frank Lloyd Wright. Exhibits for the first time at the Salon d'Automne.

1913
- The 'Nouvelle section de l'Ecole d'Art' is closed down.

1917
- Moves to Paris and resides in the rue Jacob until 1933, with a studio in the rue Astor.

1918
- Meets Amédée Ozenfant and co-writes 'Apres le Cubisme.' Loses sight in his left eye due to a detached retina.

1919
- Co-founds 'Esprit Nouveau' with Ozenfant and Paul Dermée. Establishes the editorial office on rue du Cherche-Midi.

1920
- Publishes the first issue of 'L'Esprit Nouveau.' Meets Fernand Léger.

1921
- Exhibits at the Galerie Druet in Paris, meets Cubist collector Raoul La Roche, and lectures in Prague, Geneva, and Lausanne.

1922
- Opens a studio at 35 rue de Sèvres with his cousin Pierre Jeanneret. Meets Yvonne Gallis, his future wife.

1923
- Publishes articles from 'L'Esprit Nouveau' as 'Vers une Architecture' in Paris.

1924
- Architectural work published in Jean Badovici's 'Architecture vivante.'

1925
- Publishes 'Urbanisme,' 'L'Art décoratif d'aujourd'hui,' and 'La peinture moderne.' Introduces Gertrude Stein to Charles de Monzie, the Minister of Fine Arts.

1926
- Le Corbusier's father dies.

1927
- Shares first prize in League of Nations competition. Lectures in Madrid, Barcelona, Frankfurt, and Brussels. Publishes 'Almanac d'architecture moderne' and begins working with Charlotte Perriand.

1928
- Travels to Moscow. First CIAM meeting under the patronage of Mme H. de Mandrot at La Sarraz. Publishes 'Une maison - un palais' and lectures in Prague and Moscow.

1929
- Second CIAM meeting in Frankfurt. Lectures in South America and publishes 'La rue.'

1930
- Publishes 'Précisions sur un état présent de l'architecture et de l'urbanisme.' Third CIAM meeting in Brussels.

1931
- Lectures in Algiers and attends CIRPAC congress. Returns to Algiers via Spain and Morocco.

1932
- Initiates 'Ascoral' in Paris. Publishes 'Croisade- Le crépuscule des académies.' Lectures in Zurich, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, and Delft.

1933
- Moves to 24 rue Nungesser-et-Coli. Fourth CIAM meeting in Athens. Exhibits Obus plan in Algiers. Honorary doctorate from Zurich university.

1934
- Travels to Algiers. Lectures in Rome, Milan, Barcelona, and Athens. Attends symposium in Venice on 'Art and State.'

1935
- First visit to the USA. Exhibits at Radio City, New York. Publishes 'La ville radieuse' and 'Air Craft.' Lectures in Paris and Brussels.

1936
- Second visit to South America. Discussions with Fernand Léger and Louis Aragon on 'La querelle du Réalisme.' Lectures in Zurich and Rome.

1937
- Publishes 'Quand les cathédrales étaient blanches.' Fifth CIAM meeting in Paris. Lectures in Brussels and Lyons. Nominated Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.

1938
- Exhibits paintings at Kunsthaus, Zurich, and Louis Carré's gallery, Paris. Publishes 'Des canons, des munitions? Merci! des logis ... s.v.p.!' Travels to Algiers. Lectures in Stockholm, Oslo, Gothenburg, Antwerp, and Algiers.

1939
- Injured by a boat propeller at Cap Martin. Publishes 'Le lyrisme des temps nouveaux et l'urbanisme.' André Wogenscky becomes an associate. Lectures in Paris.

1940
- German troops occupy Paris. Escapes to the Pyrenees with wife and Pierre Jeanneret. Jeanneret moves to Grenoble to join the Resistance.

1941
- Publishes 'Destin de Paris,' 'Sur les 4 routes,' and 'Les constructions Murondins.' Stays in Vichy, presents a reconstruction plan to the government. Travels to Algiers twice in connection with planning projects.

1942
- Publishes 'La Maison des homes' with François de Pierrefeu. Travels to Algiers; plan rejected. Initiates 'Ascoral.' Publishes 'Entretien avec les étudiants des écoles d'architecture' and 'La charte d'Athènes.'

1943
- First Modulor studies with Hanning and Elisa Maillard. Publishes 'Les trois établissements humains.' Reformats office as ATBAT (Atelier des Bâtisseurs). Appointed chief planner of La Rochelle-Pallice. Commissioned for the Marseilles Unité d'habitation. Travels to the USA to study modern architecture. Exhibition at Radio City, New York.

1946
- Travels to the USA to assist in the design of UN Headquarters. Publishes 'Manière de penser l'urbanisme' and 'Propos d'urbanisme.'

1947
- Exhibits in Vienna. Travels to Bogotá, Colombia. Sixth CIAM meeting at Bridgewater. Exhibits at Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam. Paints a large mural in the rue de Sèvres office. Patents the Modulor.

Publishes 'UN Headquarters' and 'Lettre du 27 juin 1945 sur le rôle du bâtisseur et les plans de reconstruction' with Pierre Jeanneret.

1948
- Modulor studies completed. Lectures in New York, Paris, and Milan. Exhibition at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, Mass. Paints a large mural in the Pavillon Suisse, Paris. Designs the first tapestry with Pierre Baudouin. Publishes 'La grille CAM d'urbanisme.'

1949
- Seventh CIAM meeting in Bergamo.
- Publishes "Le Modulor 1948" (English translation: "The Modulor," 1954).

1950
- Publishes "Poésie sur Alger."
- Creates the first designs for the Ronchamp chapel.
- Approached by administrators of Punjab to design Chandigarh.
- Exhibits at Paul Rosenberg Gallery, New York.

1951
- Appointed architectural advisor to Chandigarh; leaves for India on 18 February with Pierre Jeanneret.
- Eighth CIAM meeting at Hoddesdon.
- Rejects commission for UNESCO building in Paris.
- Exhibits at Museum of Modern Art, New York.

1952
- Visits Egypt on the return journey from India.
- Construction of Chandigarh begins.
- Inauguration of Unité d'habitation at Marseilles by Eugène Claudius Petit, Minister of Reconstruction.
- Promoted Commandeur of the Legion of Honour.
- Père Couturier discusses the monastery of La Tourette.
- Exhibits at Denise René gallery, Paris.

1953
- Paintings and sculpture exhibited at Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris, and at the Institute of Contemporary Art, London, and at the Samleven Gallery, Stockholm.
- Ninth CIAM meeting at Aix-en-Provence.
- Unité d'habitation at Marseilles is criticized in the international press.

1954
- Exhibitions at the Kunsthalle, Berne, and the Villa del Olma, Como.
- Publishes "Une petite maison, 1923."
- Lectures in Milan.

1955
- Dedication of Notre-Dame-du-Haut, Ronchamp.
- Publishes "Le Modulor 2" (English translation: "Modulor 2," 1958) and "Le poème de l'angle droit" (19 coloured lithographs).
- Receives an honorary doctorate from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.
- Lectures in Berlin.

1956
- Declines the chair of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris.
- Lectures in Baghdad.
- Exhibits at Pierre Matisse Gallery, New York, and at Lyons festival.
- Tenth CIA meeting at Dubrovnik.
- Publishes "Les plans de Le Corbusier de Paris 1922-56" and "La Chapelle Notre-Dame-du-Haut à Ronchamp."

1957
- A traveling exhibition is opened at Kunsthaus, Zurich.
- Tapestries exhibited at La Chaux-de-Fonds.
- Yvonne Le Corbusier dies.

1958
- Eleventh and final CIA meeting at Otterloo.
- Visits the USA to inspect the site of Carpenter Center for Visual Arts.
- Publishes "Le poème électronique" (with Kalff, Jean Petit, Michel Butor, Xenakis, Vreedenburgh, Duster, and Varèse).

1959
- Receives an honorary doctorate at the University of Cambridge and the RIBA gold medal.

1960
- Publishes "L'Atelier de la recherche patiente" and "Petites confidences" (10 black-and-white lithographs).
- On October 19, the Monastery of La Tourette is dedicated.
- Le Corbusier's mother dies at Vevey on February 15, at the age of 100.

1961
- Travels often to Firminy to supervise the building of the Youth Centre.
- Designs seven tapestries for the High Court, Chandigarh.

1962
- Exhibition at the Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris.
- Inauguration of the Legislative Assembly, Chandigarh.

1963
- Exhibition at the Palazzo Strozzi, Florence.
- Archbishop Lercaro discusses the design for a church in Bologna.
- On December 30, made Grand Officier of the Legion of Honour.

1965
- Foundation stone of Unité d'habitation, Firminy-Vert, is laid.
- Presents plans for the Venice hospital.
- Prepares the publication of "Le voyage d'Orient."
- On August 27, at 11 a.m., dies of a heart attack while bathing at Cap Martin.

Benton, Tim, Les Villas de Le Corbusier et Pierre Jeanneret, 1920–1930, Paris: P.Sers, 1984; translated into English as The Villas of Le Corbusier 1920–30, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1987

Boudon, P., Lived-in Architecture: Le Corbusier ’s Pessac Revisited, London: Lund Humphries, 1972

Cohen, Jean-Louis, Le Corbusier and the Mystique of the USSR, 1928–1936, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1992

Curtis, William J.R., Le Corbusier, Ideas and Form, London: Phaidon, 1986

Evenson, Norma, Chandigarh, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966

Guiton, Jacques, The Ideas of Le Corbusier on Architecture and Urban Planning, translated by Margaret Guiton, New York: Braziller, 1981

Moos, S.von, Le Corbusier, Elements of a Synthesis, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1979

Rowe, Colin, The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and Other Essays, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1976

Sbriglio, Jacques, Le Corbusier, L’Unité d’Habitation de Marseille, Marseilles: Editions Parenthèses, 1992

Sbriglio, Jacques, Le Corbusier. The Villa Savoye, Birkhauser, 2008

Sbriglio, Jacques, The Villas La Roche-Jeanneret, Birkhäuser, 1996

Sbriglio, Jacques, Apartment Block 24 N.C. and Le Corbusier's Home, Birkhäuser, 1996

Serenyi, Peter, Le Corbusier in Perspective, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1975

Steinmann, Martin, and I.Noseda (editors), La Chaux-de-Fonds et Jeanneret (Avant Le Corbusier) (exhib. cat.), Niederteufen: Arthur Nigli, 1983

Taylor, Brian Brace, Le Corbusier at Pessac, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Carpenter Center, Harvard University, 1972

Taylor, Brian Brace, Le Corbusier, La Cité de Refuge, Paris 1929/33, Paris: Equerre, 1980; as Le Corbusier, The City of Refuge, Paris 1929/33 , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987

Turner, P.V., The Education of Le Corbusier, a Study of the Development of Le Corbusier ’s Thought, 1900–1920. New York: Garland, 1977

Walden, R. (editor), The Open Hand: Essays on Le Corbusier, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1977

Le Corbusier, Architect of the Century (exhib. cat.), London: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1987 (exhib. cat.), Paris: Caisse Nationale des Monuments Historiques et des Sites, 1988

Le Cobusier, Vers Une Architecture, Paris: Vincent, Fréal, 1923; as Towards a New Architecture, translated by Frederick Etchells, London: John Rodker, 1927; frequently reprinted in many languages Le Corbusier, Précisions sur un état présent de l’architecture et de l’urban isme, Paris: Vincent, Fréal, 1930

Le Corbusier, Modular, Paris: Editions de l’Architecture, 1948; as The Modular, translated by Peter de Francia and Anna Bostock, London: Faber and Faber, 1954

Le Corbusier, Les Carnets de la recherche patiente; Ronchamp, Paris: 1957; reprinted with a translation by Jacqueline Cullen, Verlag Gerd Hatje, 1991

Le Corbusier et Pierre Jeanneret Oeuvre Complete, 8 vols., edited by Willi Boesiger, Zurich: Girsberger, 1930 onward: Vol. 1 1910– 29, Vol. II 1929–34, Vol. III (edited by Max Bill) 1934–38, Vol. IV 1938–46, Vol. V 1946–52, Vol. VI 1952–57, Vol. VII 1957–65, Vol. VIII 1965–69

The Le Corbusier Archive, 32 vols., edited by H.A.Brooks, New York: Paris: Foundation Le Corbusier, 1982–84

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