At the most basic level, a hotel provides temporary shelter for travelers, function that the 20th-century hotel shares with its predecessors extending back to the ancient inn. As modern building type, the hotel integrates a complex variety of uses, including lodging. food service, and retail, into specialized building program. After the office building, the hotel is the most important building type to embrace the skyscraper form, thus addressing the architectural challenge of efficiently arranging co- dependent yet distinct public, private, and service spaces. Hotels generally have major public spaces on the lower- and uppermost floors, largely identical floors of guest rooms between, and re- lated service areas carefully woven throughout the plan. This basic program appeared in the 19th century and was associared with large railway hotels located in cities around the world. How- ever, the scale and complexity of the 20ch-century hotel make it a distinctive building type and an important focal point in the urban landscape. By virtue of its location, the resort hotel caters to tourists and merits its own analysis. The hotel is a building type intimately linked to the socioeco- nomic changes of the 20ch century. The rise of a consumer culture, especially in the United States, spurs urban growth and directly benefits service-sector businesses such as the hotel indus- try. Increased tourism, widely accessible commercial travel, and annual conventions provide an expanded dientele for the com- mercial hotel. Since the early decades of the 20th century, com- petition to attract conventions has especially shaped the planning of new hotels. Major exhibit halls, meeting rooms, and audito- riums require a large percentage of space on the public floors of the hotel to be devoted to convention-relared facilities. These trends first peaked in the 1920s, making that decade the heyday of the development of the hotel as a 20th-century building type. New hotels, such as the Roosevelt (1924, George B. Post and Sons) in New York, Hotel Stater (1927, George B. Post and Sons) in Boston, and the Los Angeles Biltmore (1923, Schultze and Weaver), are just few of the massive hotels from that period with around 1,000 guest rooms. The Stevens Hotel (Holabird and Roche), the largest hotel in the world. opened on South Michigan Avenue in Chicago in 1927. With 3,000 guest rooms, 3,000 baths, and huge array of public spaces, dining rooms, and convention facilities, the Stevens epit- omizes the early 20th-century architectural development of the hotel. The balance between the commercial purpose of the hotel and the need to create a domestic atmosphere often led hotels to embrace historically inspired architectural styles and interior design. Multitowered, Beaux-Arts- influenced skyscraper forms with eclectic decorative programs were common during the early

20th century, After World War I, hotels followed the shift to modernism in commercial architecture. The resulting aesthetic change to ahistoric minimalism was dramatic, but hotels largely retained the same basic functional arrangement and preference for mainstream architectural styles. Hotels often feature a combination of conservative architec- tural design and innovative systems and technology. Among the most significant hotels in the 19th century, Adler and Sullivan's Auditorium Building (1889) in Chicago combined theater. modern hotel, and office space. Using the latest in modern con- veniences has been vital to a hotel's success since the 19th cen- tury, and 20th-century hotels quickly incorporated any impor- tant new technology. The most significant improvements were plumbing and air conditioning and their subsequent influence on the form and use of the hotel. Although indoor plumbing was available in 19th-century hotels, private baths were relatively rare. The basic standard for horels changed rapidly in the carly 20th century, and by the 1920s nearly all new hotels provided a private bathroom for each guest room. Arranging and servicing the bathrooms is problem specific to the 20th-century hotel. The architectural firm of George B. Post and Sons developed an efficient layout to provide private bathrooms in an affordable commercial hotel with its designs for the important carly chain Hotels Stater, Bathrooms arranged in pairs along the interior wall create mirror-image room plans that allow two bathrooms to share one plumbing shaft. Standardized hotel architecture did not emerge until the postwar period, but this plan was an important first step. Ventilation creates another challenge for the 20ch-century hotel. The multiple towers of the large pre-World War I hotel provide exterior light and air to all the guest rooms. Mechanical air conditioning was first introduced in the public rooms of some major urban hotels in the 1920s. Starting in the 1950s. new hotels provided air-conditioned guest rooms, eliminating dependence on exterior ventilation. The new possibilities that air conditioning brings to the hotel form are perhaps best utilized by the Hyatt Regency Hotels of John Portman and Associates. Portman's Hyatt Regency Atlanta (1967), Hyare Regency 'Hare (1971), and Hyatt Regency San Francisco (1973) feature dramatic new form focused inward on the atrium lobby. Pott- man and his imitators use a modernist vocabulary to create the grand public space of the atrium, but the functional program of the hotel remains essentially the same. External forces, such as urban development and transporta- ion patterns, also help reconfigure the fundamental relationship between hotel and location. The shift in the United States from railroad to automobile travel transforms the shape, scale, and location of hotels. The downtown skyscraper hotel usually lacks parking facilities, and motels emerge along highways to serve the interstate traveler. In the post -World War I1 period, hotel development moves beyond downtown, especially with con- struction around outlying airports. However, the form and pro- gram of the hotel building type remain essentially urban. The American hotel defines the building type throughout the 20th century, especially in the postwar period with the growing international dominance of a few large hotel chains. The stan- dardized Hilton. Sheraton, or Marriott hotel, more than any other building, symbolizes American commercial culture throughout the world. Standardized commercial hotels sell self-contained vision of urban order and prosperity closely tied

to the emergence of a deindustrialized global cconomy. Throughout the 20th century, hotels reflect the impact of eco- nomic change in the urban landscape and the social demands that shape a complex commercial building type.

LISA PRUELLER DAVIDSON

Sennott R.S. Encyclopedia of twentieth century architecture, Vol.2.  Fitzroy Dearborn., 2005.

BOFILL, RICARDO

BOTTA, MARIO

TANGE, KENZO

INTERNAL LINKS

HOLABIRD, WILLIAM;

FURTHER READING

A comprehensive archisectural history of the hotel has yet to be written, and many of the available secondary sources are general or anecdotal in nature. Hotel trade journals such as Hotel Monthly and Honed World are useful for tracing this building type's development.

Bruegmann, Robert, "Palaces of Democracy: The Busines Hotel," in The Architects and the City: Holabird and Roche of Chiorge, 1880-1918. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997

Denby, Elaine, Grand Hotte: Reality and Ilasion: An Architectural and Social History. London: Reaktion Books, 1998

Done, Catherine. Alexis Gregory, and Marc Walter, Palaces et grands heter d'Amerique da Nord, Paris: Flammarion, 1989; as Grand American Horek, New York: Vendome Press, and London: Thames and Hudson, 1989; as Grand Hotels of North America, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 1989

Jakle, John A., Keich A. Sculle, and Jefferson S. Rogers, The Motel in America, Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996

Lapidus, Morris, and Alan Lapidus, "Commercial Hotels," in Time-Saver Standards for siding Types, edited by Joseph De Chiara and John Hancock Callender, New York: McGraw-Hill 1973; 3rd edition, 1990

Pevsnct, Nikolaus, A Histury of Building Tapes, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, and London: Thames and Hudson, 1976 R

Raitz, Karl B., and fol Paul Jones, Ill, "The City Hotel as Landscape Artifact and Community Symbol," Journal of Cultural Geography (1988)

Root, John Wellborn, "Hocels and Apartment Hotels," in Forms and Functions of Twentieth-Century Archisecture, vol. 3; Building Types: Buildings fur Residence, for Popular Gatherings for Education, and for Government, edited by Talbot Hamlin, New York: Columbia University Pres, 1952

Williamson, Jefferson, The American Hotel: An Anvodotal Hissory, New York and London: Knopf, 1930, reprint, as The American Hotel, New York: Arno Press, 1975